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Phase variation is similar to antigenic variation, but instead of changes at the genetic level altering the composition of molecules, these genetic changes result in the activation or deactivation of a gene. [9] Phase variation most often arises from a frameshift in the expressed gene. [9]
Spontaneous mutations often occur which can cause various changes in the genome. [28] Mutations can either change the identity of one or more nucleotides, or result in the addition or deletion of one or more nucleotide bases. Such changes can lead to a frameshift mutation, causing the entire code to be read in a different order from the ...
Untreated gonorrhea can lead to major complications, such as: Infertility in women. Gonorrhea can spread into the uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can result in scarring of the tubes, greater risk of pregnancy complications and infertility, and can be fatal, particularly in the immunocompromised.
Syphilis is an STI caused by a bacterium. Untreated, it can lead to complications and death. [67] Clinical manifestations of syphilis include the ulceration of the uro-genital tract, mouth or rectum; if left untreated the symptoms worsen.
Mycoplasma genitalium (also known as MG [3], Mgen, or since 2018, Mycoplasmoides genitalium [1]) is a sexually transmitted, [4] small and pathogenic bacterium that lives on the mucous epithelial cells of the urinary and genital tracts in humans. [5] Medical reports published in 2007 and 2015 state that Mgen is becoming increasingly common.
Papillomaviridae is a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses whose members are known as papillomaviruses. [1] Several hundred species of papillomaviruses, traditionally referred to as "types", [2] have been identified infecting all carefully inspected mammals, [2] but also other vertebrates such as birds, snakes, turtles and fish.
Cross-species transmission is the most significant cause of disease emergence in humans and other species. [citation needed] Wildlife zoonotic diseases of microbial origin are also the most common group of human emerging diseases, and CST between wildlife and livestock has appreciable economic impacts in agriculture by reducing livestock productivity and imposing export restrictions. [2]
Illegitimate recombination can generate random mutagenesis in order to generate a random alteration of the genetic sequence of an organism. [6] The induction of this mutagenesis allows for the study of a genetic sequence by creating a mutation in a genetic segment altering the function of that genetic segment.