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Thus far, CRE have primarily been nosocomial infectious agents. Almost all CRE infections occur in people receiving significant medical care in hospitals, long-term acute care facilities, or nursing homes. [2] Independent risk factors for CRE infection include use of beta-lactam antibiotics and the use of mechanical ventilation.
Oedematous pericardium of a goat that died of heartwater disease, caused by infection with Ehrlichia ruminantium, transmitted by Amblyomma ticks in Africa and Caribbean. On post mortem examination, a light yellow transudate that coagulates on exposure to air is often found within the thorax, pericardium, and abdomen. Most fatal cases have the ...
The genus Klebsiella was named after the German microbiologist Edwin Klebs (1834–1913). [citation needed] It is also known as Friedlander's bacillum in honor of Carl Friedländer, a German pathologist, who proposed that this bacterium was the etiological factor for the pneumonia seen especially in immunocompromised individuals such as people with chronic diseases or alcoholics.
The clinical signs in humans vary, but commonly include personality changes, psychiatric problems such as depression, lack of coordination, and/or an unsteady gait . Patients also may experience involuntary jerking movements called myoclonus, unusual sensations, insomnia, confusion, or memory problems.
Analysis of the urine may show signs of urinary tract infection. Specifically, the presence of nitrite and white blood cells on a urine test strip in patients with typical symptoms are sufficient for the diagnosis of pyelonephritis, and are an indication for empirical treatment .
Klebsiella organisms can lead to a wide range of disease states, notably pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, meningitis, diarrhea, peritonitis and soft tissue infections. [6] [11] Klebsiella species have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthropathies. [12]
A presumptive diagnosis is often made based on consistent clinical signs and high antibody levels. Serology tests that look for IgG antibodies are commonly run, and can be used to rule out the disease if negative. However, a positive IgG titer cannot differentiate an active infection from a previous infection or an asymptomatic carrier state. [11]
[1] [2] [3] Scratch marks, crusting and scarring may be seen, and there may be signs of secondary bacterial infection. [1] Diagnosis is by visualising the nits or live lice, either directly or with a magnifying glass. [5] Investigations for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are usually performed. [6]