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Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (swine influenza) and in birds (avian influenza). [2] Subtypes of IAV are defined by the combination of the antigenic H and N proteins in the viral envelope; for example, "H1N1" designates an IAV subtype that has a type-1 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type-1 neuraminidase (N) protein. [3]
The United States experienced the beginnings of a pandemic of a novel strain of the influenza A/H1N1 virus, commonly referred to as "swine flu", in the spring of 2009.The earliest reported cases in the US began appearing in late March 2009 in California, [114] then spreading to infect people in Texas, New York, and other states by mid-April. [115]
The virus is a novel strain of the influenza virus, [2] for which existing vaccines against seasonal flu provided no protection. A study at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published in May 2009 found that children had no preexisting immunity to the new strain but that adults, particularly those over 60, had some degree of immunity.
Swine influenza is caused by influenza A subtypes H1N1, [38] H1N2, [38] H2N3, [39] H3N1, [40] and H3N2. [38] In pigs, four influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H1N2, H3N2 and H7N9) are the most common strains worldwide. [8] In the United States, the H1N1 subtype was exclusively prevalent among swine populations before 1998. Since late August 1998 ...
Edvard Munch (1863–1944), Self-Portrait with the Spanish Flu (1919) Egon Schiele (1890–1918), Die Familie, painted a few days before his death and just after the death of his wife Edith from the Spanish flu [179] The major U.K. troop staging and hospital camp in Étaples in France has been theorized by virologist John Oxford as being at the ...
Community outbreaks, June 2009 Confirmed cases by state, June 3, 2009. This article covers the chronology of the 2009 novel influenza A pandemic.Flag icons denote the first announcements of confirmed cases by the respective nation-states, their first deaths (and other major events such as their first intergenerational cases, cases of zoonosis, and the start of national vaccination campaigns ...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified the first two A/09(H1N1) swine flu cases in California on April 17, 2009, via the Border Infectious Disease Program, [135] for a San Diego County child, and a naval research facility studying a special diagnostic test, where influenza sample from the child from Imperial County was tested. [136]
As of June 2024, the influenza viruses which circulate widely in humans are IAV subtypes H1N1 and H3N2, together with Influenza B. [64] Annual vaccination is the primary and most effective way to prevent influenza and influenza-associated complications, especially for high-risk groups. [65]