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The quality-adjusted life year (QALY) is a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. [1] [2] It is used in economic evaluation to assess the value of medical interventions. [1] One QALY equates to one year in perfect health. [2] QALY scores range from 1 (perfect health) to 0 (dead). [3]
This approach has to some extent been adopted in relation to QALYs; for example, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) adopts a nominal cost-per-QALY threshold of £20,000 to £30,000. [2] As such, the ICER facilitates comparison of interventions across various disease states and treatments.
[3] [4] Examples of treatments include comparisons between two or more pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and other medical technologies. Quality-adjusted life years are calculated by multiplying the number of life years gained by the health utility. The adjustment accounts for the changes in health-related quality of life for a given health ...
In HTAs it is usually expressed in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). If, for example, intervention A allows a patient to live for three additional years than if no intervention had taken place, but only with a quality of life weight of 0.6, then the intervention confers 3 * 0.6 = 1.8 QALYs to the patient.
The most commonly used outcome measure is quality-adjusted life years (QALY). [1] Cost–utility analysis is similar to cost-effectiveness analysis. Cost-effectiveness analyses are often visualized on a plane consisting of four quadrants, the cost represented on one axis and the effectiveness on the other axis. [3]
The standard measure of health impact is the Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY). For example, if all registered products were in conjunction estimated to have saved 10 million QALYs, then a registered product that saved 1 million of those QALYs would receive ten percent of the available reward funds for that year. [ 9 ]
The Equal Value of Life Years Gained or evLYG is a generic measure used to determine how much a medical treatment can extend the life of the patient. Unlike other healthcare metrics, the evLYG does not consider the quality of life for the patient; it exclusively considers the length of life.
Cost-effectiveness studies using QALYs, for example, do not discount time at different ages differently. [14] This age-weighting function applies only to the calculation of DALYs lost due to disability. Years lost to premature death are determined from the age at death and life expectancy.