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Naturally occurring ytterbium (70 Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes: [n 1] 168 Yb, 170 Yb– 174 Yb, and 176 Yb, with 174 Yb being the most abundant (31.83% natural abundance). 30 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 169 Yb with a half-life of 32.014 days, 175 Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and 166 Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours.
Natural ytterbium is composed of seven stable isotopes: 168 Yb, 170 Yb, 171 Yb, 172 Yb, 173 Yb, 174 Yb, and 176 Yb, with 174 Yb being the most common, at 31.8% of the natural abundance). Thirty-two radioisotopes have been observed, with the most stable ones being 169 Yb with a half-life of 32.0 days, 175 Yb with a half-life of 4.18 days, and ...
Archaeological materials, such as bone, organic residues, hair, or sea shells, can serve as substrates for isotopic analysis. Carbon, nitrogen and zinc isotope ratios are used to investigate the diets of past people; these isotopic systems can be used with others, such as strontium or oxygen, to answer questions about population movements and cultural interactions, such as trade.
Tutorial illustration of isotope dilution analysis with fish counting in lakes. Isotope dilution is analogous to the mark and recapture method, commonly used in ecology to estimate population size. For instance, consider the determination of the number of fish (n A) in a lake. For the purpose of this example, assume all fish native to the lake ...
The analysis of 'stable isotopes' is normally concerned with measuring isotopic variations arising from mass-dependent isotopic fractionation in natural systems. On the other hand, radiogenic isotope analysis [3] involves measuring the abundances of decay-products of natural radioactivity, and is used in most long-lived radiometric dating methods.
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Position-specific isotope analysis, also called site-specific isotope analysis, is a branch of isotope analysis aimed at determining the isotopic composition of a particular atom position in a molecule. Isotopes are elemental variants with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, thereby having different atomic masses. Isotopes are found ...
Isotope fractionation occurs during a phase transition, when the ratio of light to heavy isotopes in the involved molecules changes. When water vapor condenses (an equilibrium fractionation), the heavier water isotopes (18 O and 2 H) become enriched in the liquid phase while the lighter isotopes (16 O and 1 H) tend toward the vapor phase. [1]