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The first large human social activities, trailed by major disease outbreaks that have been documented occurred by fecal–oral route. [18] Contaminated food or water by fecal matter can cause devastating effects and spread with extreme rapidity. They are, of course, not the only types of infection that threaten large gatherings of people.
In public health, social distancing, also called physical distancing, [2] [3] [4] is a set of non-pharmaceutical interventions or measures intended to prevent the spread of a contagious disease by maintaining a physical distance between people and reducing the number of times people come into close contact with each other.
Outbreak response or outbreak control measures are acts which attempt to minimize the spread of or effects of a disease outbreak.Outbreak response includes aspects of general disease control such as maintaining adequate hygiene, but may also include responses that extend beyond traditional healthcare settings and are unique to an outbreak, such as physical distancing, contact tracing, mapping ...
Social immunity is any antiparasite defence mounted for the benefit of individuals other than the actor. For parasites, the frequent contact, high population density and low genetic variability makes social groups of organisms a promising target for infection: this has driven the evolution of collective and cooperative anti-parasite mechanisms that both prevent the establishment of and reduce ...
Three main causes of social contagion have been proposed: disinhibitory contagion, echo contagion, and hysterical contagion. [1] Disinhibitory contagion involves a type of behaviour that the person already has some desire to engage in, but from which normally they would refrain due to a desire to comply with social norms. When they witness ...
In addition to dehydration and food poisoning, there was a potential for communicable disease outbreaks of Cholera and respiratory illness, all related to the growing contamination of food and drinking water supplies in the area. [22] [23] President Bush declared an emergency for the entire Gulf Coast.
Although health research is often organized by disease categories or organ systems, theoretical development in social epidemiology is typically organized around factors that influence health (i.e., health determinants rather than health outcomes). Many social factors are thought to be relevant for a wide range of health domains.
As of 23 March 2020, more than 1.2 billion learners were out of school due to school closures in response to COVID-19. [8] Given low rates of COVID-19 symptoms among children, the effectiveness of school closures has been called into question. [13] Even when school closures are temporary, it carries high social and economic costs. [14]