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Historically, CPUs have used hardware-managed caches, but the earlier GPUs only provided software-managed local memories. However, as GPUs are being increasingly used for general-purpose applications, state-of-the-art GPUs are being designed with hardware-managed multi-level caches which have helped the GPUs to move towards mainstream computing.
A modern consumer graphics card: A Radeon RX 6900 XT from AMD. A graphics card (also called a video card, display card, graphics accelerator, graphics adapter, VGA card/VGA, video adapter, display adapter, or colloquially GPU) is a computer expansion card that generates a feed of graphics output to a display device such as a monitor.
The 2013 release version APUs contained 20 GCN compute units on die, [35] two of which are thought to be present to provide redundancy to improve manufacturing yield. [36] CPUs plus CPU caches make up approximately 15% of the chip area, and the GPU compute units take up approximately 33% of the 348 mm 2 (0.539 sq in) die area. [36]
Components of a GPU. A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit initially designed for digital image processing and to accelerate computer graphics, being present either as a discrete video card or embedded on motherboards, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles.
Integrated graphics chip moved from motherboard into the processor. Improved gaming performance; Can access CPU's cache; Each EU has a 128-bit wide FPU that natively executes eight 16-bit or four 32-bit operations per clock cycle. [20] Hierarchical-Z compression and fast Z clear [21]
CUDA is a software layer that gives direct access to the GPU's virtual instruction set and parallel computational elements for the execution of compute kernels. [6] In addition to drivers and runtime kernels, the CUDA platform includes compilers, libraries and developer tools to help programmers accelerate their applications.
API multi-GPU instead allows the API to intelligently split the workload among two or more completely different GPUs. [41] For example, integrated GPUs included on the CPU can be used in conjunction with a high-end dedicated GPU for a slight performance boost. On March 7, 2018, Vulkan 1.1 was released by the Khronos Group. [42]
ROCm is free, libre and open-source software (except the GPU firmware blobs [4]), and it is distributed under various licenses. ROCm initially stood for Radeon Open Compute platform; however, due to Open Compute being a registered trademark, ROCm is no longer an acronym — it is simply AMD's open-source stack designed for GPU compute.