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Photonic molecules are a form of matter in which photons bind together to form "molecules". [1] [2] [3] They were first predicted in 2007.Photonic molecules are formed when individual (massless) photons "interact with each other so strongly that they act as though they have mass". [4]
To create an electron-positron pair, the total energy of the photons, in the rest frame, must be at least 2m e c 2 = 2 × 0.511 MeV = 1.022 MeV (m e is the mass of one electron and c is the speed of light in vacuum), an energy value that corresponds to soft gamma ray photons.
Because photons have zero rest mass, no wave function defined for a photon can have all the properties familiar from wave functions in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. [ f ] In order to avoid these difficulties, physicists employ the second-quantized theory of photons described below, quantum electrodynamics , in which photons are quantized ...
The daily light integral (DLI) is the number of photosynthetically active photons (photons in the PAR range) accumulated in a square meter over the course of a day. It is a function of photosynthetic light intensity and duration (day length) and is usually expressed as moles of light (mol photons) per square meter (m −2) per day (d −1), or: mol·m −2 ·d −1.
This fermion pair can be leptons or quarks. Thus, two-photon physics experiments can be used as ways to study the photon structure, or, somewhat metaphorically, what is "inside" the photon. The photon fluctuates into a fermion–antifermion pair. Creation of a fermion–antifermion pair through the direct two-photon interaction.
The Gibbs free energy for converting a mole of CO 2 to glucose is 114 kcal, whereas eight moles of photons of wavelength 600 nm contains 381 kcal, giving a nominal efficiency of 30%. [2] However, photosynthesis can occur with light up to wavelength 720 nm so long as there is also light at wavelengths below 680 nm to keep Photosystem II ...
Synthetic stick absorption spectrum of a simple gas mixture corresponding to the Earth's atmosphere composition based on HITRAN data [5] created using Hitran on the Web system. [6] Green color - water vapor, WN – wavenumber (caution: lower wavelengths on the right, higher on the left). Water vapor concentration for this gas mixture is 0.4%.
In 1927 Paul A. M. Dirac was able to weave the photon concept into the fabric of the new quantum mechanics and to describe the interaction of photons with matter. [1] He applied a technique which is now generally called second quantization , [ 2 ] although this term is somewhat of a misnomer for electromagnetic fields, because they are ...