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The coproduct in the category of sets is simply the disjoint union with the maps i j being the inclusion maps.Unlike direct products, coproducts in other categories are not all obviously based on the notion for sets, because unions don't behave well with respect to preserving operations (e.g. the union of two groups need not be a group), and so coproducts in different categories can be ...
The plastic used in plastic shopping bags also started as a by-product of oil refining. [1] By-products are sometimes called co-products to indicate that although they are secondary, they are desired products. For example, hides and leather may be called co-products of beef production. There is no strict distinction between by-products and co ...
Much of chemistry research is focused on the synthesis and characterization of beneficial products, as well as the detection and removal of undesirable products. Synthetic chemists can be subdivided into research chemists who design new chemicals and pioneer new methods for synthesizing chemicals, as well as process chemists who scale up chemical production and make it safer, more ...
Departments of Computer Science and Chemistry at Nazarbayev University de novo molecules generated by ML models SMILES, computed properties artificially generated "cheML.io". [3] 2,800,000 ChemDB chemical database small molecules "ChemDB". 5,000,000 ChemExper Chemexper Chemical Directory catalogue chemicals CASno Structure SMILES "ChemExper".
In a preadditive category, every finitary product is necessarily a coproduct, and hence a biproduct, and conversely every finitary coproduct is necessarily a product (this is a consequence of the definition, not a part of it). The empty product, is a final object and the empty product in the case of an empty diagram, an initial object. Both ...
Chemical synthesis using green chemistry promotes the design of new synthetic methods and apparatus that simplify operations and seeks environmentally benign solvents. Key principles include atom economy, which aims to incorporate all reactant atoms into the final product, and the reduction of waste and inefficiencies in chemical processes ...
Crossover experiments allow for experimental study of a reaction mechanism. Mechanistic studies are of interest to theoretical and experimental chemists for a variety of reasons including prediction of stereochemical outcomes, optimization of reaction conditions for rate and selectivity, and design of improved catalysts for better turnover number, robustness, etc. [6] [7] Since a mechanism ...
Dicarbon monoxide is a product of the photolysis of carbon suboxide: [2] [3]. C 3 O 2 → CO + C 2 O. It is stable enough to observe reactions with NO and NO 2. [4]Called ketenylidene in organometallic chemistry, it is a ligand observed in metal carbonyl clusters, e.g. [OC 2 Co 3 (CO) 9] +.