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Shale is characterized by its tendency to split into thin layers less than one centimeter in thickness. This property is called fissility. [1] Shale is the most common sedimentary rock. [2] The term shale is sometimes applied more broadly, as essentially a synonym for mudrock, rather than in the narrower sense of clay-rich fissile mudrock. [3]
Underground soft-rock mining is a group of underground mining techniques used to extract coal, oil shale, potash, and other minerals or geological materials from sedimentary ("soft") rocks. [1] Because deposits in sedimentary rocks are commonly layered and relatively less hard , the mining methods used differ from those used to mine deposits in ...
At this site, soft bodied creatures were preserved, some in whole, by the activity of mud in a sea. Solid skeletons are, generally, the only remnants of ancient life preserved; however, the Burgess Shale includes hard body parts such as bones, skeletons, teeth, and also soft body parts such as muscles, gills, and digestive systems.
The lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes. dendrite A crystal that develops with a typical multi-branching tree-like form. Denudation The lowering of the earth's surface through chemical and physical weathering. deposition The geological process by which material is added to a landform or ...
The resulting soft greenish-gray shale with beds of purple and green sandstone near its base, became the 100 feet (30 m) thick Wolsey Shale Member of the Gros Ventre Formation. [7] Some shale shows patterns of cracks that formed when the accumulating mud was briefly exposed to the air along tidal flats.
The dominant lithology within the Bright Angel Shale is greenish shale that is composed largely of illite and varying amounts of chlorite and kaolinite. A reddish brown coloration is imparted to a number of the sandstone and siltstone beds by the high percentage of hematitic ooids and iron oxide cements that they contain.
Mining in hard and soft rock formations requires different techniques. [ 56 ] Other methods include shrinkage stope mining , which is mining upward, creating a sloping underground room, long wall mining , which is grinding a long ore surface underground, and room and pillar mining, which is removing ore from rooms while leaving pillars in place ...
The most common places for soft-sediment deformations to materialize are in deep water basins with turbidity currents, rivers, deltas, and shallow-marine areas with storm impacted conditions. This is because these environments have high deposition rates, which allows the sediments to pack loosely.