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The parallel muscle architecture is found in muscles where the fibers are parallel to the force-generating axis. [1] These muscles are often used for fast or extensive movements and can be measured by the anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA). [3] Parallel muscles can be further defined into three main categories: strap, fusiform, or fan-shaped.
Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in parts of the body where it conveys action without conscious intent. The majority of this type of muscle tissue is found in the digestive and urinary systems where it acts by propelling forward food, chyme, and feces in the former and urine in the latter.
In human anatomy, the lower leg is the part of the lower limb that lies between the knee and the ankle. [1] Anatomists restrict the term leg to this use, rather than to the entire lower limb. [6] The thigh is between the hip and knee and makes up the rest of the lower limb. [1] The term lower limb or lower extremity is commonly used to describe ...
There are several types of splines: [2] Parallel key spline where the sides of the equally spaced grooves are parallel in both directions, radial and axial. Involute spline where the sides of the equally spaced grooves are involute, as with an involute gear, but not as tall. The curves increase strength by decreasing stress concentrations.
The septa are formed from the fascia which is made up of a strong type of connective tissue. The fascia also separates the skeletal muscles from the subcutaneous tissue. [2] Due to the great pressure placed on the leg, from the column of blood from the heart to the feet, the fascia is very thick in order to support the leg muscles. [3]
The sartorius muscle can move the hip joint and the knee joint, but all of its actions are weak, making it a synergist muscle. [4] At the hip, it can flex, weakly abduct, and laterally rotate the femur. [4] At the knee, it can flex the leg; when the knee is flexed, sartorius medially rotates the leg.
Soleus muscles have more slow muscle fibers than many other muscles. In some animals, such as the guinea pig and cat, soleus consists of 100% slow muscle fibers. [6] [7] Human soleus fiber composition is variable, containing between 60% and 100% slow fibers. [8] The soleus is the most effective muscle for plantar flexion in a bent knee position.
The flexor hallucis longus is situated on the fibular side of the leg. It arises from the inferior two-thirds of the posterior surface of the body of the fibula, with the exception of 2.5 cm at its lowest part; from the lower part of the interosseous membrane; from an intermuscular septum between it and the peroneus muscles, laterally, and from the fascia covering the tibialis posterior, medially.