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The Nord-Pas-de-Calais Mining Basin is a mining basin in Northern France that stretches across the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. The region is famous for its long history of coal extraction and its testimony to a significant period in the history of industrialisation in Europe, and as a result it was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2012. [1]
Coal River was the first name given by British settlers to the Hunter River after coal was found there in 1795. In 1804 the Sydney-based administration established a permanent convict settlement near the mouth of the Hunter River to mine and load the coal, predetermining the town's future as a coal port by naming it Newcastle.
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements , chiefly hydrogen , sulfur , oxygen , and nitrogen . [ 1 ]
The name Carboniferous means "coal-bearing", from the Latin carbō ("coal") and ferō ("bear, carry"), and refers to the many coal beds formed globally during that time. [8] The first of the modern "system" names, it was coined by geologists William Conybeare and William Phillips in 1822, [9] based on a study of the British rock succession.
An anthracite pile in Trevorton, Pennsylvania. Anthracite derives from the Greek anthrakítēs (ἀνθρακίτης), literally "coal-like". [9] Other terms which refer to anthracite are black coal, hard coal, stone coal, [10] [11] dark coal, coffee coal, blind coal (in Scotland), [7] Kilkenny coal (in Ireland), [10] crow coal or craw coal, and black diamond.
The national coal strike of 1912 was the first national strike by coal miners in Britain. Its main goal of securing a minimum wage. Its main goal of securing a minimum wage. After a million men had walked out for 37 days, the UK Government intervened and ended the strike by passing a minimum wage law. [ 16 ]
Coal forest of tree ferns and lycopod trees, in a 1906 artist's rendering. The coal forests seem to have been areas of flat, low-lying swampy areas with rivers flowing through from higher, drier land. [4] When the rivers flooded, silt gradually built up into natural levees. Lakes formed as some areas subsided, while formerly wet areas became ...
The first attempts to manufacture fuel gas in a commercial way were made in the period 1795–1805 in France by Philippe LeBon, and in England by William Murdoch. Although precursors can be found, it was these two engineers who elaborated the technology with commercial applications in mind.