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BIOS interrupt calls perform hardware control or I/O functions requested by a program, return system information to the program, or do both. A key element of the purpose of BIOS calls is abstraction - the BIOS calls perform generally defined functions, and the specific details of how those functions are executed on the particular hardware of the system are encapsulated in the BIOS and hidden ...
IBM devised a workaround (implemented in the IBM AT) which involved resetting the CPU via the keyboard controller and saving the system registers, stack pointer and often the interrupt mask in the real-time clock chip's RAM. This allowed the BIOS to restore the CPU to a similar state and begin executing code before the reset.
This can destroy real-time behavior and cause clock ticks to get lost. The Windows and Linux kernels define an "SMI Timeout" setting – a period within which SMM handlers must return control to the operating system, or it will "hang" or "crash". The SMM may disrupt the behavior of real-time applications with constrained timing requirements.
Real-time clocks are electronic devices designed to provide system time, and thereby wall-clock time, to a computer system. (Contrast this with clock signals , designed to provide timing for electronics themselves.)
In 2006, a side channel attack was published [5] that exploited clock skew based on CPU heating. The attacker causes heavy CPU load on a pseudonymous server (Tor hidden service), causing CPU heating. CPU heating is correlated with clock skew, which can be detected by observing timestamps (under the server's real identity).
Fn+C or Fn+K on certain Lenovo laptops. Fn+C on certain HP laptops. Fn+F11 on Windows. Another way to press Scroll Lock is to use an on-screen keyboard. In Windows 8 and later versions, it can be found in the "Windows Ease of Access" program group. This will provide access to an emulation of a standard 101/102-key keyboard. [19]
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All Apple Mac computers store time in their real-time clocks (RTCs) and HFS filesystems as an unsigned 32-bit number of seconds since 00:00:00 on 1 January 1904. After 06:28:15 on 6 February 2040, (i.e. 2 32 − 1 seconds from the epoch), this will wrap around to 1904: [ 5 ] [ 57 ] further to this, HFS+ , the default format for all of Apple's ...