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Biological interactions range from mutualism, beneficial to both partners, to competition, harmful to both partners. Interactions can be direct when physical contact is established or indirect, through intermediaries such as shared resources, territories, ecological services, metabolic waste, toxins or growth inhibitors.
= the beneficial effect of the density of species j on species i. Mutualism is in essence the logistic growth equation modified for mutualistic interaction. The mutualistic interaction term represents the increase in population growth of one species as a result of the presence of greater numbers of another species.
It is putatively mutually beneficial, but biologists have long debated whether it is mutual selfishness, or simply exploitative. Cleaning symbiosis is well known among marine fish, where some small species of cleaner fish – notably wrasses , but also species in other genera – are specialized to feed almost exclusively by cleaning larger ...
Mutualism and altruism are considered cooperative interactions because they are beneficial to the recipient, and will be the focus of this article. Explaining cooperation remains one of the greatest challenges for evolutionary biology, regardless of whether the behavior is considered mutually beneficial or altruistic.
In game theory, a win–win game or win–win [1] scenario is a situation that produces a mutually beneficial outcome for two or more parties. [2] It is also called a positive-sum game as it is the opposite of a zero-sum game.
Hydnellum peckii is a mycorrhizal species, and forms mutually beneficial relationships with a variety of coniferous trees, growing on the ground singly, scattered, or in fused masses. The fruit bodies typically have a funnel-shaped cap with a white edge, although the shape can be highly variable.
Many more are in the list of beneficial weeds. Companion planting is thought by its practitioners to assist in the growth of one or both plants involved in the association. Possible mechanisms [1] include attracting beneficial insects, [2] repelling pests, [3] or providing nutrients such as by fixing nitrogen, [4] shade, or support.
Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Hydnum repandum (the hedgehog fungus) is an edible species, commercially collected in some countries and often marketed under the French name pied de mouton .