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The discrete graphics card is usually installed onto the graphics card slot such as PCI-Express and the integrated graphics is integrated onto the CPU itself or occasionally onto the Northbridge. [ citation needed ] The Northbridge is the most responsible for switching between GPUs.
In computing, autonomous peripheral operation is a hardware feature found in some microcontroller architectures to off-load certain tasks into embedded autonomous peripherals in order to minimize latencies and improve throughput in hard real-time applications as well as to save energy in ultra-low-power designs.
The hardware unit that performs the operation is known as a multiplier–accumulator (MAC unit); the operation itself is also often called a MAC or a MAD operation. The MAC operation modifies an accumulator a : a ← a + ( b × c ) {\displaystyle a\gets a+(b\times c)}
Fixed-function unit A piece of hardware in a graphics processing unit implementing a specific function (such as triangle setup or texture sampling), without programmable control by shaders. Flat shading Shading that assigns a uniform color to each face of a 3D model, giving it a "sharp-edge" look. Forward rendering
PC—Personal Computer; PCB—Printed Circuit Board; PCB—Process Control Block; PC DOS—Personal Computer Disc Operating System; PCI—Peripheral Component Interconnect; PCIe—PCI Express; PCI-X—PCI Extended; PCL—Printer Command Language; PCMCIA—Personal Computer Memory Card International Association; PCM—Pulse-Code Modulation
In a 2003 IEEE Computer article, Kephart and Chess [1] warn that the dream of interconnectivity of computing systems and devices could become the "nightmare of pervasive computing" in which architects are unable to anticipate, design and maintain the complexity of interactions. They state the essence of autonomic computing is system self ...
Higher performance hardware such as graphics cards use DMA to access memory directly; in a virtual environment all memory addresses are re-mapped by the virtual machine software, which causes DMA devices to fail. The IOMMU handles this re-mapping, allowing the native device drivers to be used in a guest operating system.
A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit initially designed for digital image processing and to accelerate computer graphics, being present either as a discrete video card or embedded on motherboards, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles.