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Retinal hemorrhage (UK English: retinal haemorrhage) is a disorder of the eye in which bleeding occurs in the retina, the light sensitive tissue located on the back wall of the eye. [1] There are photoreceptor cells in the retina called rods and cones , which transduce light energy into nerve signals that can be processed by the brain to form ...
Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA) are abnormalities of the blood vessels that supply the retina of the eye, a sign of diabetic retinopathy. [1] IRMA can be difficult to distinguish from and is likely a precursor to retinal neovascularization .
An ophthalmoscopic view of the retina showing advanced signs of diabetic retinopathy including two pale cotton wool spots. Cotton wool spots are opaque fluffy white patches on the retina of the eye that are considered an abnormal finding during a funduscopic exam (also called an ophthalmoscopic exam). [1]
Intraocular hemorrhage (sometimes called hemophthalmos or hemophthalmia) is bleeding inside the eye (oculus in Latin). Bleeding can occur from any structure of the eye where there is vasculature or blood flow, including the anterior chamber , vitreous cavity, retina , choroid , suprachoroidal space, or optic disc .
The blood retinal barrier has two components: the retinal vascular endothelium and the retinal pigment epithelium. [2] Retinal blood vessels that are similar to cerebral blood vessels maintain the inner blood-ocular barrier.
In the test, the person looks with each eye separately at the small dot in the center of the grid. Patients with macular disease may see wavy lines or some lines may be missing. Amsler grids are supplied by ophthalmologists, optometrists or from web sites, and may be used to test one's vision at home. The original Amsler grid was black and white.
Diagram of the human eye showing macula and fovea. Although J. D. Gass originally identified four types of idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis in 1982, contemporary researchers describe three types collectively known as idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasia: macular telangiectasia type 1, macular telangiectasia type 2, and macular telangiectasia type 3.
There are about 0.7 to 1.5 million retinal ganglion cells in the human retina. [2] With about 4.6 million cone cells and 92 million rod cells, or 96.6 million photoreceptors per retina, [3] on average each retinal ganglion cell receives inputs from about 100 rods and cones.