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In 1970, 320 delegates were elected to a constitutional convention which began to meet in 1971. On 23 September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos issued the formal declaration of martial law which led to the arrests of 11 conveners, alongside government critics and journalists, by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine Constabulary. [1]
At 7:15 p.m. on September 23, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos announced on television that he had placed the Philippines under martial law, [1] [2] stating he had done so in response to the "communist threat" posed by the newly founded Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), and the sectarian "rebellion" of the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM).
The 1973 constitutional plebiscite was called to ratify the new constitution, but the validity of the ratification was brought to question because Marcos replaced secret ballot voting with a system of viva voce voting by "citizen's assemblies". [178]: 213 The ratification of the constitution was challenged in the Ratification Cases. [179] [180]
The constitution was amended in 2000 to change the minimum age of the President from 40 to 34. [4] During the 2011–2012 Syrian uprising, a new constitution based on the 1973 constitution was put to a referendum, which resulted in its adoption. The new constitution came into force on 27 February 2012, thus superseding the Constitution of 1973. [5]
Ferdinand Marcos developed a cult of personality as a way of remaining President of the Philippines for 20 years, [1] [2] in a way that political scientists [who?] have compared to other authoritarian and totalitarian leaders such as Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler, [3] but also to more contemporary dictators such as Suharto in Indonesia, Saddam Hussein in Iraq, and the Kim dynasty of North Korea.
Our Constitution has stabilized us since 1789, including through the Civil War, World Wars, assassinations, 9/11, and multiple catastrophes. We have experienced many trials and tribulations. Yet ...
January 10–15 – A national plebiscite referendum is held among the citizens' assemblies to ratify the new Constitution. [1] [2]January 15 – Chinese Lim Seng (Guan Suo So), upon order from Pres. Marcos on January 3, is publicly executed by firing squad in a firing range in Fort Bonifacio, Rizal for drug trafficking; the country's first execution by that method after 27 years, and only ...
The referendum was set from July 27 to July 28, 1973. This referendum was marred with controversy. It is contested that there could not have been any valid referendum held from January 10 to January 15, 1973. Observers noted that many of the claimed 35,000 citizens' assemblies never met and voting was by show of hands. [1] [2]