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Today, Choctaw people are enrolled in four federally recognized tribes: the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, Jena Band of Choctaw Indians in Louisiana, and the Yowani Choctaws enrolled under the confederacy of the Caddo Nation. [4] Choctaw descendants are also members of state-recognized tribes. [5] [6] [7] [8]
The History of the Choctaws, or Chahtas, are a Native American people originally from the Southeast of what is currently known as the United States.They are known for their rapid post-colonial adoption of a written language, transitioning to yeoman farming methods, having European-American lifestyles enforced in their society, and acquiring some customs from Africans they enslaved.
The Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma (Choctaw: Chahta Okla) is a Native American reservation [5] occupying portions of southeastern Oklahoma in the United States. [6] At roughly 6,952,960 acres (28,138 km 2; 10,864 sq mi), it is the second-largest reservation in area after the Navajo, exceeding that of the seven smallest U.S. states.
The Choctaw language (Choctaw: Chahta anumpa [2]), spoken by the Choctaw, an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, US, is a member of the Muskogean language family. Chickasaw is a separate but closely related language to Choctaw.
The written Choctaw language is based upon English characters and was developed in conjunction with the civilization program of the United States in the early 19th century. Although there are other variation of the Choctaw alphabet, the three most commonly seen are the Byington (Original), Byington/Swanton (Linguistic), and Modern.
Animals figure significantly in Choctaw mythology, as they do in most Native American myth cycles. For example, in Choctaw history, solar eclipses were attributed to black squirrels, and maize was a gift from the birds. [9] Heloha (thunder) and Melatha (lightning) were responsible for the dramatic thunderstorms.
In 1959, the Choctaw Termination Act was passed. [3] Unless repealed by the federal government, the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma would effectively be terminated as a sovereign nation as of August 25, 1970. [3] After a long struggle for recognition, the Mississippi Choctaw received recognition in 1918.
List of Choctaw Treaties is a comprehensive chronological list of historic agreements that directly or indirectly affected the Choctaw people, a Native American tribe, with other nations. Choctaw land was systematically obtained through treaties, legislation, and threats of warfare.