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Jewish women during the Holocaust were especially vulnerable to sexual abuse by their Nazi captors. [7]: 80 Women were immediately violated upon entering as "the tattooing, the removal of their hair, the invasion of their body cavities" was part of a systematic process of degradation, humiliation, and commodification."
Of the 50,000 guards who served in the concentration camps, training records indicate that approximately 3,500 were women. [1] In 1942, the first female guards arrived at Auschwitz and Majdanek from Ravensbrück. The year after, the Nazis began conscripting women because of a shortage of male guards.
If women became pregnant during their time in the camps they were either killed or forced to abort their child. [1] Clothing was often taken from women as they were forced to spend their duration in the camps naked, and in unhygienic conditions. Often, prisoners were forced to do physical labour for the Nazis, unclothed. [15]
Frauen. German Women Recall the Third Reich (1994). Pine, Lisa. Nazi Family Policy, 1933–1945 (1997). Reese, Dagmar. Growing up Female in Nazi Germany (2006). Stephenson, Jill. The Nazi Organisation of Women (1981). The Competition for a Women's Lebensraum, 1928–1932, in Renate Bridenthal, Anita Grossmann and Marion Kaplan, When
Margot Cecile Heumann (pronounced HOY-man; February 17, 1928 – May 11, 2022) was a German-born American Holocaust survivor. As a lesbian, she was the first queer Jewish woman known to have survived Nazi concentration camps. When Heuman was ten years old, she and her younger sister were expelled from public school for being Jewish.
A 2015 study by Dr. Rachel Yehuda at Mount Sinai Hospital found genetic changes to Holocaust survivors' descendants, specifically focused around the gene associated with stress hormones.
What was the nature of women's resistance and, what were relationships between and among women like? [6] This conference still holds relevance today for bringing together Holocaust Studies and Women's Studies. [10] Ringelheim "was credited by colleagues with leading historians to a deeper understanding of the Holocaust in all its dimensions."
A Holocaust survivor who hid in a cellar with her mother for nine months without light or heating says she will continue to educate people "as long as I have a breath in my body".