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Wheel alignment, which is sometimes referred to as breaking or tracking, is part of standard automobile maintenance that consists of adjusting the angles of wheels to the car manufacturer specifications. [1] The purpose of these adjustments is to reduce tire wear and to ensure that vehicle travel is straight and true (without "pulling" to one ...
A track geometry car (also known as a track recording car) is an automated track inspection vehicle on a rail transport system used to test several parameters of the track geometry without obstructing normal railroad operations. Some of the parameters generally measured include position, curvature, alignment of the track, smoothness, and the ...
A typical headlamp tester. A headlamp tester, also known as headlamp aligner or beam setter, is an instrument to check both the orientation and intensity of a vehicle headlamp beam to ensure that it meets a minimum standard for the country of use of the vehicle.
Image of front toe angle 5 degrees (toe in) In automotive engineering, toe, also known as tracking, [1] is the symmetric angle that each wheel makes with the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, as a function of static geometry, and kinematic and compliant effects.
A car which fails the inspection, must be fixed in seven days to be allowed to be driven on the road. [27] The "Test" checks the following: vehicle and owner identification including vehicle registration plate; emissions; steering; underside; lights; brakes; wheel alignment. [28]
Traditionally, these weights have been made of lead; it is estimated that up to 500,000 pounds (230 t) of lead, having fallen off car wheels, ended up in the environment. [8] According to the US Environmental Protection Agency , worldwide these total more than 20,000 tonnes of lead annually, [ 9 ] and therefore the use of less-toxic materials ...
To compensate for this unavoidable effect, car designers often bias the car's handling toward less corner-entry understeer (such as by lowering the front roll center), and add rearward bias to the aerodynamic downforce to compensate in higher-speed corners. The rearward aerodynamic bias may be achieved by an airfoil or "spoiler" mounted near ...
A coordinate system used for tire analysis by Pacejka and Cossalter. The origin is at the intersection of three planes: the wheel midplane, the ground plane, and a vertical plane aligned with the axle (not pictured).