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The only railway use of water-tube boilers in any numbers was the Brotan boiler, invented by Johann Brotan in Austria in 1902, and found in rare examples throughout Europe, although Hungary was a keen user and had around 1,000 of them. Like the Baldwin, it combined a water-tube firebox with a fire-tube barrel.
The move to water-tube boilers had already begun, with designs such as the Babcock & Wilcox or the Belleville. The three-drum arrangement was lighter and more compact for the same power. [1] The new generation of "small-tube" water-tube boilers used water-tubes of around 2 inches (5 cm) diameter, compared to older designs of 3 or 4 inches.
An O-type boiler is a form of water-tube boiler.It is named, like the D-type and A-type boilers, from the approximate shape of its tubes.. They are characterised by single steam and water drums vertically above each other, with curved vertical water tubes to the sides forming an overall cylindrical volume.
Climax boiler, arrangement of tubes from above Climax boiler. Spiral water-tube boilers are a family of vertical water-tube boilers. Their steam generating tubes are narrow spiral tubes, arranged in circular fashion around a central vertical water drum. The water tubes are long, numerous and of 2 inches (50 mm) diameter, or smaller.
Early use of the water-tube boiler within the Royal Navy was controversial at times, giving rise to the 'Battle of the Boilers' around 1900. [4] These first boilers, such as the Belleville and Niclausse, were large-tube designs, with simple straight tubes of around 4" diameter, at a shallow angle to the horizontal. [5]
Direct electric resistance tank water heaters are not included in the Energy Star program; however, the Energy Star program does include electric heat pump units with energy factors of 200% or higher. Tankless gas water heaters (as of 2015) must have an energy factor of 90% or higher for Energy Star qualification.