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In the C programming language, operations can be performed on a bit level using bitwise operators. Bitwise operations are contrasted by byte-level operations which characterize the bitwise operators' logical counterparts, the AND, OR, NOT operators. Instead of performing on individual bits, byte-level operators perform on strings of eight bits ...
XOR is used in RAID 3–6 for creating parity information. For example, RAID can "back up" bytes 10011100 2 and 01101100 2 from two (or more) hard drives by XORing the just mentioned bytes, resulting in (11110000 2) and writing it to another drive. Under this method, if any one of the three hard drives are lost, the lost byte can be re-created ...
The XOR logic gate can be used as a one-bit adder that adds any two bits together to output one bit. For example, if we add 1 plus 1 in binary, we expect a two-bit answer, 10 (i.e. 2 in decimal). Since the trailing sum bit in this output is achieved with XOR, the preceding carry bit is calculated with an AND gate. This is the main principle in ...
Another example is a pseudocode implementation of addition, showing how to calculate a sum of two integers a and b using bitwise operators and zero-testing: while a ≠ 0 c ← b and a b ← b xor a left shift c by 1 a ← c return b
All the operators (except typeof) listed exist in C++; the column "Included in C", states whether an operator is also present in C. Note that C does not support operator overloading. When not overloaded, for the operators && , || , and , (the comma operator ), there is a sequence point after the evaluation of the first operand.
If the predecessor had been R, the P(=R) and R cancel, leaving C⊕L. In each case, the result is the XOR of the current address with the next address. XOR of this with the current address in R1 leaves the next address. R2 is left with the requisite XOR pair of the (now) current address and the predecessor.
In a software implementation of an LFSR, the Galois form is more efficient, as the XOR operations can be implemented a word at a time: only the output bit must be examined individually. Below is a C code example for the 16-bit maximal-period Galois LFSR example in the figure:
Therefore inversion of the values of bits is done by XORing them with a 1. If the original bit was 1, it returns 1 XOR 1 = 0. If the original bit was 0 it returns 0 XOR 1 = 1. Also note that XOR masking is bit-safe, meaning that it will not affect unmasked bits because Y XOR 0 = Y, just like an OR. Example: Toggling bit values