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Other conditions sometimes causally associated with Chiari malformation include hydrocephalus, [49] syringomyelia, spinal curvature, tethered spinal cord syndrome, and connective tissue disorders [42] such as Ehlers–Danlos syndrome [50] and Marfan syndrome. Chiari malformation is the most frequently used term for this set of conditions.
Chiari malformation (CMI) is when the cerebellar tonsils push through the foramen magnum of the skull. CSF flow varies based on level of tonsil descent and type of Chiari malformation, so the MRI can also be helpful in deciding the type of surgery to be performed and monitoring progress. [ 8 ]
For 20% of patients, MRIs present as completely normal. [32] MRIs performed with the patient seated upright (vs. laying supine) are not better for diagnosing CSF leaks, [68] but are more than twice as effective at diagnosing cerebellar tonsillar ectopia, also known as Chiari malformation. [69]
It is frequently co-morbid with atlanto-axial joint instability, Chiari malformation, [3] or tethered spinal cord syndrome. The condition can be brought on by physical trauma , including whiplash , laxity of the ligaments surrounding the joint, or other damage to the surrounding connective tissue.
Radionuclide cisternography may be used to diagnose a spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak. CSF pressure is measured and imaged over 24 hours. [2] A radionuclide (radioisotope) is injected by lumbar puncture (spinal tap) into the cerebral spinal fluid to determine if there is abnormal CSF flow within the brain and spinal canal which can be altered by hydrocephalus, Arnold–Chiari malformation ...
Obstruction to CSF flow and/or absorption can occur in hydrocephalus (blockage in ventricles or subarachnoid space at base of brain, e.g., by Arnold–Chiari malformation), extensive meningeal disease (e.g., infection, carcinoma, granuloma, or hemorrhage), or obstruction in cerebral convexities and superior sagittal sinus (decreased absorption).
The first major form relates to an abnormality of the brain called an Arnold–Chiari malformation or Chiari malformation. This is the most common cause of syringomyelia, where the anatomic abnormality, which may be due to a small posterior fossa, causes the lower part of the cerebellum to protrude from its normal location in the back of the ...
The interthalamic adhesion is notably enlarged in patients with the type II Arnold–Chiari malformation. [3] Additional images. Thalamus.