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Monocytosis is an increase in the number of monocytes circulating in the blood. [1] Monocytes are white blood cells that give rise to macrophages and dendritic cells in the immune system. In humans, monocytosis occurs when there is a sustained rise in monocyte counts greater than 800/mm 3 to 1000/mm 3. [2]
Monocytopenia is a form of leukopenia associated with a deficiency of monocytes. It has been proposed as a measure during chemotherapy to predict neutropenia , [ 1 ] though some research indicates that it is less effective than lymphopenia .
This cancer is characterized by a dominance of monocytes in the bone marrow. There is an overproduction of monocytes that the body does not need in the periphery. These overproduced monocytes interfere with normal immune cell production which causes many health complications for the affected individual.
In vitro, monocytes can differentiate into dendritic cells by adding the cytokines granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4. [19] Such monocyte-derived cells do, however, retain the signature of monocytes in their transcriptome and they cluster with monocytes and not with bona fide dendritic cells. [20]
Azacitidine is a drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of CMML and by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for high risk non-proliferative CMML with 10–19% marrow blasts. It is a cytidine analogue that causes hypomethylation of DNA by inhibition of DNA methyltransferase.
AMML does not have an exact mechanism. The underlying pathophysiology of acute myeloid leukemia consist of maturational arrest of the bone marrow cell during the early stages of development. A myeloblast is an immature precursor cell that will change into a monocyte, healthy white blood cell.
A white blood cell differential is a medical laboratory test that provides information about the types and amounts of white blood cells in a person's blood. The test, which is usually ordered as part of a complete blood count (CBC), measures the amounts of the five normal white blood cell types – neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils – as well as abnormal cell ...
Treatment is done to address the underlying cause. To tide over immediate crisis blood transfusion with packed red blood cells (PRBC) or platelet transfusion may be done. Sometimes there are obvious clinical clues to suggest underlying B12 deficiency for a cause of pancytopenia. [6]