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After the Industrial Revolution (1750–1850), by the mid-19th century the great expansion of the bourgeoisie social class caused its stratification – by business activity and by economic function – into the haute bourgeoisie (bankers and industrialists) and the petite bourgeoisie (tradesmen and white-collar workers). [5]
Before and during the Industrial Revolution navigation on several British rivers was improved by ... Middle- and upper-class women were confined to an idle domestic ...
There was however a rise in real income and increase in availability of various consumer goods to the lower classes during this period. [9] Prior to the industrial revolution, increases in real wages would be offset by subsequent decreases, a phenomenon which ceased to occur following the revolution. The real wage of the average worker doubled ...
The designation landed gentry originally referred exclusively to members of the upper class who were both landlords and commoners (in the British sense)—that is, they did not hold peerages. But by the late 19th century, the term was also applied to peers, such as the Duke of Westminster , who lived on landed estates.
The working conditions for "drawers" exemplify some of the changes following the Industrial Revolution. The Condition-of-England question was a debate in the Victorian era over the issue of the English working class during the Industrial Revolution. It was first proposed by Thomas Carlyle in his essay Chartism (1839).
The Industrial Revolution incentivised people to think more scientifically and to become more educated and informed in order to solve novel problems. As a result, cognitive abilities were pushed to their genetic limits, making people more intelligent and innovative than their predecessors. [80] [81] Formal education thus became vital.
The term "class," first widely used in the 19th century, is still used to characterize individuals occupying the same tier on the personal finance ladder. Today, social classes are divided into ...
The French Revolution is largely responsible for altering the standard male dress. During the revolution, clothing symbolized the division between the upper classes and the working-class revolutionaries. French rebels earned the nickname sans-culottes, or "the people without breeches," because of the loose floppy trousers they popularized. [55]