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Python currently boasts a wide variety of web application frameworks, such as Zope, Quixote, Webware, SkunkWeb, PSO, and Twisted Web -- to name just a few. This wide variety of choices can be a problem for new Python users, because generally speaking, their choice of web framework will limit their choice of usable web servers, and vice versa...
Under HTTP 1.0, connections should always be closed by the server after sending the response. [1]Since at least late 1995, [2] developers of popular products (browsers, web servers, etc.) using HTTP/1.0, started to add an unofficial extension (to the protocol) named "keep-alive" in order to allow the reuse of a connection for multiple requests/responses.
After instantiating a new socket, the server binds the socket to an address. For a Unix domain socket, the address is a /path/filename.. Because the socket address may be either a /path/filename or an IP_address:Port_number, the socket application programming interface requires the address to first be set into a structure.
Linux hosts send the first TCP Keepalive packet after 2 hours (default since Linux 2.2), then send 9 Keepalive probes (default since Linux 2.2) at 75 seconds (default since Linux 2.4) intervals, dropping the connection if there is no response to any of the Keepalive packets.
The web server or database management system also varies. LEMP is a version where Apache has been replaced with the more lightweight web server Nginx. [6] A version where MySQL has been replaced by PostgreSQL is called LAPP, or sometimes by keeping the original acronym, LAMP (Linux / Apache / Middleware (Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby) / PostgreSQL). [7]
In the Berkeley sockets standard, sockets are a form of file descriptor, due to the Unix philosophy that "everything is a file", and the analogies between sockets and files. Both have functions to read, write, open, and close. In practice, the differences strain the analogy, and different interfaces (send and receive) are used on a socket.
For most file systems, a program terminates access to a file in a filesystem using the close system call. This flushes file buffers, updates file metadata , which may include and end-of-file indicator in the data; de-allocates resources associated with the file (including the file descriptor ) and updates the system wide table of files in use.
Expect is used to automate control of interactive applications such as Telnet, FTP, passwd, fsck, rlogin, tip, SSH, and others. [3] Expect uses pseudo terminals (Unix) or emulates a console (Windows), starts the target program, and then communicates with it, just as a human would, via the terminal or console interface. [4]