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The derivative of is ... The volume is thus the difference between sphere 2's cap ... Online calculator for spherical cap volume and area.
The second time derivative of a vector field in cylindrical coordinates is given by: ¨ = ^ (¨ ¨ ˙ ˙ ˙) + ^ (¨ + ¨ + ˙ ˙ ˙) + ^ ¨ To understand this expression, A is substituted for P , where P is the vector ( ρ , φ , z ).
For example, one sphere that is described in Cartesian coordinates with the equation x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = c 2 can be described in spherical coordinates by the simple equation r = c. (In this system—shown here in the mathematics convention—the sphere is adapted as a unit sphere, where the radius is set to unity and then can generally be ignored ...
Since dV = dx dy dz is the volume for a rectangular differential volume element (because the volume of a rectangular prism is the product of its sides), we can interpret dV = ρ 2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ as the volume of the spherical differential volume element.
The vector field corresponding to the example shown. Vectors may point into or out of the sphere. The divergence theorem can be used to calculate a flux through a closed surface that fully encloses a volume, like any of the surfaces on the left. It can not directly be used to calculate the flux through surfaces with boundaries, like those on ...
This article uses the standard notation ISO 80000-2, which supersedes ISO 31-11, for spherical coordinates (other sources may reverse the definitions of θ and φ): . The polar angle is denoted by [,]: it is the angle between the z-axis and the radial vector connecting the origin to the point in question.
where S n − 1 (r) is an (n − 1)-sphere of radius r (being the surface of an n-ball of radius r) and dA is the area element (equivalently, the (n − 1)-dimensional volume element). The surface area of the sphere satisfies a proportionality equation similar to the one for the volume of a ball: If A n − 1 ( r ) is the surface area of an ( n ...
6.7 Volume form. 6.8 Hodge operator on p-forms. 6.9 Codifferential on p-forms. 6.10 Laplacian on functions. ... The covariant derivative of a function (scalar) ...