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  2. Arctic ice pack - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_ice_pack

    This visual shows the Arctic sea ice change and the corresponding absorbed solar radiation change during June, July, and August from 2000 through 2014. The Arctic ice pack is the sea ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and its vicinity. The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum ...

  3. Measurement of sea ice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_of_sea_ice

    Air temperature records dating back to the 1880s can serve as a stand-in (proxy) for Arctic sea ice, but such temperature records were initially collected at only 11 locations. Russia's Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute has compiled ice charts dating back to 1933. Today, scientists studying Arctic sea ice trends can rely on a fairly ...

  4. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Regions_Research_and...

    The Army Research and Development Achievement Award is provided to distinguished researchers working within the Army laboratory system. Some notable CRREL recipients were: [17] 1967 – Lyle Hanson for ice-core drilling in Greenland and Antarctica. Wilford Weeks for research on the formation and physical properties of sea ice. [56]

  5. Cold-weather warfare - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare

    Cold-weather warfare, also known as cold-region warfare, arctic warfare or winter warfare, encompasses military operations affected by snow, ice, thawing conditions, or cold, both on land and at sea, as well as the strategies and tactics used by military forces in these situations and environments.

  6. Sea ice concentration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice_concentration

    When combined with ice thickness, ... Ice concentration charts are also used by navigators to determine potentially passable ... Arctic sea ice coverage in 1980 ...

  7. 'City under the ice': NASA scientists find abandoned ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/city-under-ice-nasa-scientists...

    NASA scientists found Camp Century, an abandoned Cold War military base, during a flight to map the Greenland Ice Sheet.

  8. Arctic sea ice ecology and history - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_ecology_and...

    The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter. The multi-year (i.e. perennial) sea ice covers nearly all of the central deep basins. The Arctic sea ice and its related biota are unique, and the year-round persistence of the ice has allowed the development of ice endemic species, meaning species not found anywhere else.

  9. Arctic sea ice decline - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline

    The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice. The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.