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A pleural effusion is accumulation of excessive fluid in the pleural space, the potential space that surrounds each lung.Under normal conditions, pleural fluid is secreted by the parietal pleural capillaries at a rate of 0.6 millilitre per kilogram weight per hour, and is cleared by lymphatic absorption leaving behind only 5–15 millilitres of fluid, which helps to maintain a functional ...
Transudate is extravascular fluid with low protein content and a low specific gravity (< 1.012). It has low nucleated cell counts (less than 500 to 1000 per microliter) and the primary cell types are mononuclear cells: macrophages, lymphocytes and mesothelial cells. For instance, an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma is transudate.
First the fluid is either transudate or exudate. An exudate is defined as pleural fluid to serum total protein ratio of more than 0.5, pleural fluid to serum LDH ratio > 0.6, and absolute pleural fluid LDH > 200 IU or > 2 ⁄ 3 of the normal. An exudate is defined as pleural fluid that filters from the circulatory system into lesions or areas ...
An exudate is any fluid that filters from the circulatory system into lesions or areas of inflammation. It can be a pus-like or clear fluid. When an injury occurs, leaving skin exposed, it leaks out of the blood vessels and into nearby tissues. The fluid is composed of serum, fibrin, and leukocytes. Exudate may ooze from cuts or from areas of ...
The fluid is a transudate and similar to fluid found in ascites. [4] There may be a higher protein and albumin content in hepatic hydrothorax due to the pleura absorbing the water. [ 5 ] To rule out heart-related causes of pleural effusion, an echocardiogram can be performed.
Hydrothorax is the synonym of pleural effusion in which fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity. This condition is most likely to develop secondary to congestive heart failure, following an increase in hydrostatic pressure within the lungs. More rarely, hydrothorax can develop in 10% of patients with ascites which is called hepatic hydrothorax ...
Ascitic fluid can accumulate as a transudate or an exudate. Amounts of up to 35 liters are possible. Roughly, transudates are a result of increased pressure in the hepatic portal vein (>8 mmHg, usually around 20 mmHg [18] (e.g., due to cirrhosis), while exudates are actively secreted fluid due to inflammation or malignancy.
Transudate: Exudate: Main causes ↑ hydrostatic pressure, ↓ colloid osmotic pressure: Inflammation-Increased vascular permeability: Appearance: Clear [1] Cloudy [1] Specific gravity < 1.012 > 1.020 Protein content < 2.5 g/dL > 2.9 g/dL [2] fluid protein/ serum protein < 0.5 > 0.5 [3] SAAG = Serum [albumin] - Effusion [albumin] > 1.2 g/dL < 1 ...