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The Cunningham technique was originally published in 2003 and is an anatomically based method of shoulder reduction that utilizes positioning (analgesic position), voluntary scapular retraction, and bicipital massage. [7] If performed correctly most patients do not require analgesia for the performance of this technique.
Cunningham shoulder reduction was originally published in 2003 [1] and is an anatomically based method of shoulder reduction that utilizes positioning (analgesic position), voluntary scapular retraction, and bicipital massage. It is designed for true anterior/subcoracoid glenohumeral dislocations in patients who can fully adduct their humerus. [2]
Common return electrode locations include lateral portions of the outer thighs, abdomen, back, or shoulder blades. [8] The use of the bipolar option does not require the placement of a return electrode because the current only passes between tines of the forceps or other bipolar output device.
The careful placement of the electrodes is crucial to successful tDCS technique. The electrode pads come in various sizes with benefits to each size. A smaller sized electrode achieves a more focused stimulation of a site while a larger electrode ensures that the entirety of the region of interest is being stimulated. [31]
Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) or intraoperative neuromonitoring is the use of electrophysiological methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and evoked potentials to monitor the functional integrity of certain neural structures (e.g., nerves, spinal cord and parts of the brain) during surgery.
Because the brain can shift slightly during surgery, the electrodes can become displaced or dislodged from the specific location. This may cause more profound complications such as personality changes, but electrode misplacement is relatively easy to identify using CT scan. Surgery complications may also occur, such as bleeding within the brain.
Lee, Ji-hyun; Cynn, Heon-seock; Yoon, Tae-lim; Ko, Chang-hee; Choi, Woo-jeong; Choi, Sil-ah; Choi, Bong-sam (February 2015). "The effect of scapular posterior tilt exercise, pectoralis minor stretching, and shoulder brace on scapular alignment and muscles activity in subjects with round-shoulder posture". Journal of Electromyography and ...
The invasive electrodes are stereotaxically placed electrodes or a subdural strip or grid electrode. [12] Utilizing the information obtained through CSM, limited resection of epileptogenic brain can be performed. [4] For focal epilepsy, resective surgery is one of the mainstay treatment options for medication resistant epilepsy. [11]