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sudo centralizes all privilege authorization information in a single configuration file, /etc/sudoers, which contains a list of users and the privileged applications and actions that those users are permitted to use. The grammar of the sudoers file is intended to be flexible enough to cover many different scenarios, such as placing restrictions ...
A significant part of APT is defined in a C++ library of functions; APT also includes command-line programs for dealing with packages, which use the library. Three such programs are apt, apt-get and apt-cache. They are commonly used in examples because they are simple and ubiquitous.
After authentication, and if the configuration file permits the user access, the system invokes the requested command. sudo retains the user's invocation rights through a grace period (typically 5 minutes) per pseudo terminal, allowing the user to execute several successive commands as the requested user without having to provide a password again.
A more primitive system, the SUSE patchrpm, worked by replacing changed files. [4] A similar system for the dpkg-APT package manager system of Debian is debdelta (2006); despite an apparent halt on the homepage, its package repository as well as the source code remains actively maintained.
Some commands, such as echo, false, kill, printf, test or true, depending on your system and on your locally installed version of bash, can refer to either a shell built-in or a system binary executable file. When one of these command name collisions occurs, bash will by default execute a given command line using the shell built-in. Specifying ...
Ubuntu (/ ʊ ˈ b ʊ n t uː / ⓘ uu-BUUN-too) [8] is a Linux distribution derived from Debian and composed mostly of free and open-source software. [9] [10] [11] Ubuntu is officially released in multiple editions: Desktop, [12] Server, [13] and Core [14] for Internet of things devices [15] and robots.
In the System V implementation, the Ian Darwin implementation, and the OpenBSD implementation, the file command uses a database to drive the probing of the lead bytes. That database is implemented in a file called magic , whose location is usually in /etc/magic , /usr/share/file/magic or a similar location.
The cd command can be used to change into a subdirectory, move back into the parent directory, move all the way back to the root directory or move to any given directory. Consider the following subsection of a Unix filesystem, which shows a user's home directory (represented as ~ ) with a file, text.txt , and three subdirectories.