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  2. Exponentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation

    In mathematics, exponentiation, denoted b n, is an operation involving two numbers: the base, b, and the exponent or power, n. [1] When n is a positive integer, exponentiation corresponds to repeated multiplication of the base: that is, b n is the product of multiplying n bases: [1] = ⏟.

  3. Exponentiation by squaring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring

    The method is based on the observation that, for any integer >, one has: = {() /, /,. If the exponent n is zero then the answer is 1. If the exponent is negative then we can reuse the previous formula by rewriting the value using a positive exponent.

  4. Exponential function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function

    Exponential functions with bases 2 and 1/2. In mathematics, the exponential function is the unique real function which maps zero to one and has a derivative equal to its value. . The exponential of a variable ⁠ ⁠ is denoted ⁠ ⁡ ⁠ or ⁠ ⁠, with the two notations used interchangeab

  5. Euler's totient function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_totient_function

    The first thousand values of φ(n).The points on the top line represent φ(p) when p is a prime number, which is p − 1. [1]In number theory, Euler's totient function counts the positive integers up to a given integer n that are relatively prime to n.

  6. Power of two - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_two

    By comparison, powers of two with negative exponents are fractions: for positive integer n, 2 −n is one half multiplied by itself n times. Thus the first few negative powers of 2 are ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠, ⁠ 1 / 4 ⁠, ⁠ 1 / 8 ⁠, ⁠ 1 / 16 ⁠, etc. Sometimes these are called inverse powers of two because each is the multiplicative inverse of ...

  7. Fourth power - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_power

    Every positive integer can be expressed as the sum of at most 19 fourth powers; every integer larger than 13792 can be expressed as the sum of at most 16 fourth powers (see Waring's problem). Fermat knew that a fourth power cannot be the sum of two other fourth powers (the n = 4 case of Fermat's Last Theorem; see Fermat's right triangle theorem).

  8. Use keyboard shortcuts in AOL Mail

    help.aol.com/articles/keyboard-shortcuts-in-aol-mail

    Shortcut Action; Navigate to the left tab [Navigate to the right tab ] Start a new email conversation N: Go to the inbox M: Go to Settings ; Search

  9. Logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm

    Given a positive real number b such that b ≠ 1, the logarithm of a positive real number x with respect to base b [nb 1] is the exponent by which b must be raised to yield x. In other words, the logarithm of x to base b is the unique real number y such that =. [3]