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D: divergence, C: curl, G: gradient, L: Laplacian, CC: curl of curl. Each arrow is labeled with the result of an identity, specifically, the result of applying the operator at the arrow's tail to the operator at its head. The blue circle in the middle means curl of curl exists, whereas the other two red circles (dashed) mean that DD and GG do ...
This formula shows how to calculate the curl of F in any coordinate system, and how to extend the curl to any oriented three-dimensional Riemannian manifold. Since this depends on a choice of orientation, curl is a chiral operation. In other words, if the orientation is reversed, then the direction of the curl is also reversed.
This article uses the standard notation ISO 80000-2, which supersedes ISO 31-11, for spherical coordinates (other sources may reverse the definitions of θ and φ): . The polar angle is denoted by [,]: it is the angle between the z-axis and the radial vector connecting the origin to the point in question.
Del is a very convenient mathematical notation for those three operations (gradient, divergence, and curl) that makes many equations easier to write and remember. The del symbol (or nabla) can be formally defined as a vector operator whose components are the corresponding partial derivative operators.
The gradient of F is then normal to the hypersurface. Similarly, an affine algebraic hypersurface may be defined by an equation F(x 1, ..., x n) = 0, where F is a polynomial. The gradient of F is zero at a singular point of the hypersurface (this is the definition of a singular point). At a non-singular point, it is a nonzero normal vector.
The divergence of the curl of any vector field (in three dimensions) is equal to zero: ∇ ⋅ ( ∇ × F ) = 0. {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (\nabla \times \mathbf {F} )=0.} If a vector field F with zero divergence is defined on a ball in R 3 , then there exists some vector field G on the ball with F = curl G .
The gradient of a function is obtained by raising the index of the differential , whose components are given by: =; =; =, = = The divergence of a vector field with components is
In mathematics, the Laplace operator or Laplacian is a differential operator given by the divergence of the gradient of a scalar function on Euclidean space. It is usually denoted by the symbols ∇ ⋅ ∇ {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \nabla } , ∇ 2 {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}} (where ∇ {\displaystyle \nabla } is the nabla operator ), or Δ ...