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In mathematics, summation by parts transforms the summation of products of sequences into other summations, often simplifying the computation or (especially) estimation of certain types of sums. It is also called Abel's lemma or Abel transformation , named after Niels Henrik Abel who introduced it in 1826.
In mathematics, a monomial is, roughly speaking, a polynomial which has only one term.Two definitions of a monomial may be encountered: A monomial, also called a power product or primitive monomial, [1] is a product of powers of variables with nonnegative integer exponents, or, in other words, a product of variables, possibly with repetitions. [2]
If is a prime number, then the ring of integers modulo has the zero-product property (in fact, it is a field). The Gaussian integers are an integral domain because they are a subring of the complex numbers. In the strictly skew field of quaternions, the zero-product property holds. This ring is not an integral domain, because the multiplication ...
where x is a variable we are interested in solving for, we can use cross-multiplication to determine that x = b c d . {\displaystyle x={\frac {bc}{d}}.} For example, suppose we want to know how far a car will travel in 7 hours, if we know that its speed is constant and that it already travelled 90 miles in the last 3 hours.
[17] [18] For example, the fraction 1/(x 2 + 1) is not a polynomial, and it cannot be written as a finite sum of powers of the variable x. For polynomials in one variable, there is a notion of Euclidean division of polynomials, generalizing the Euclidean division of integers.
In mathematics, a product is the result of multiplication, or an expression that identifies objects (numbers or variables) to be multiplied, called factors.For example, 21 is the product of 3 and 7 (the result of multiplication), and (+) is the product of and (+) (indicating that the two factors should be multiplied together).
If only one root, say r 1, is real, then r 2 and r 3 are complex conjugates, which implies that r 2 – r 3 is a purely imaginary number, and thus that (r 2 – r 3) 2 is real and negative. On the other hand, r 1 – r 2 and r 1 – r 3 are complex conjugates, and their product is real and positive. [ 23 ]
The variables corresponding to the columns of the identity matrix are called basic variables while the remaining variables are called nonbasic or free variables. If the values of the nonbasic variables are set to 0, then the values of the basic variables are easily obtained as entries in b {\displaystyle \mathbf {b} } and this solution is a ...