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Sleep apnea, obstructive sleep apnea, obstruction of the airway during sleep, causing lack of sufficient deep sleep, often accompanied by snoring. Other forms of sleep apnea are less common. [ 89 ] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a medical disorder that is caused by repetitive collapse of the upper airway (back of the throat) during sleep.
Without treatment, the sleep deprivation and lack of oxygen caused by sleep apnea increases health risks such as cardiovascular disease, aortic disease (e.g. aortic aneurysm), [165] high blood pressure, [166] [167] stroke, [168] diabetes, clinical depression, [169] weight gain, obesity, [66] and even death.
Sleep apnea is the second most frequent cause of secondary hypersomnia, affecting up to 4% of middle-aged adults, mostly men. Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) is a clinical variant of sleep apnea that can also cause hypersomnia. [8] Just as other sleep disorders (like narcolepsy) can coexist with sleep apnea, the same is true for UARS.
Sleep disorders including sleep apnea have become an important health issue in the United States. Twenty-two million Americans have been estimated to have sleep apnea, with 80% of moderate and severe OSA cases undiagnosed. [117] OSA can occur at any age, but it happens more frequently in men who are over 40 and overweight. [117]
The clinical practice of behavioral sleep medicine applies behavioral and psychological treatment strategies to sleep disorders. [3] [12] BSM specialists provide clinical services including assessment and treatment of sleep disorders and co-occurring psychological symptoms and disorders, often in conjunction with pharmacotherapy and medical devices that may be prescribed by medical professionals.
The most significant changes were concentrated in physical health impacts, including worsened stress, fatigue, and sleep loss. However, these effects weren't felt among all people equally ...
The specific causal relationships between sleep loss and effects on psychiatric disorders have been most extensively studied in patients with mood disorders. [ 149 ] [ medical citation needed ] Shifts into mania in bipolar patients are often preceded by periods of insomnia , [ 150 ] and sleep deprivation has been shown to induce a manic state ...
Racing thoughts refers to the rapid thought patterns that often occur in manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes.While racing thoughts are most commonly described in people with bipolar disorder and sleep apnea, they are also common with anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and other psychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).