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DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) is an email authentication method designed to detect forged sender addresses in email (email spoofing), a technique often used in phishing and email spam. DKIM allows the receiver to check that an email that claimed to have come from a specific domain was indeed authorized by the owner of that domain. [ 1 ]
In the early 1980s, when Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) was designed, it provided for no real verification of sending user or system. This was not a problem while email systems were run by trusted corporations and universities, but since the commercialization of the Internet in the early 1990s, spam, phishing, and other crimes have been found to increasingly involve email.
Sender Policy Framework (SPF) is an email authentication method that ensures the sending mail server is authorized to originate mail from the email sender's domain. [1] [2] This authentication only applies to the email sender listed in the "envelope from" field during the initial SMTP connection.
DMARC operates by checking that the domain in the message's From: field (also called "RFC5322.From" [2]) is "aligned" with other authenticated domain names.If either SPF (specified using the aspf field) or DKIM (specified using the adkim field) alignment checks pass, then the DMARC alignment test passes.
A verified server is moderated by its developers' or publishers' own moderation team. Verification was later extended in February 2018 to include esports teams and musical artists. [56] [57] [58] By the end of 2017, about 450 servers were verified. [59] In 2023, Discord paused their verification program while they performed maintenance.
Various anti-spam techniques are used to prevent email spam (unsolicited bulk email).. No technique is a complete solution to the spam problem, and each has trade-offs between incorrectly rejecting legitimate email (false positives) as opposed to not rejecting all spam email (false negatives) – and the associated costs in time, effort, and cost of wrongfully obstructing good mail.
If a sender wishes to enable email recipients to verify the sender's identity in the sense that a received certificate name carries the sender's name or an organization's name, the sender needs to obtain a certificate ("class 2") from a CA, who carries out a more in-depth identity verification process, and this involves making inquiries about ...
A TXT record (short for text record) is a type of resource record in the Domain Name System (DNS) used to provide the ability to associate arbitrary text with a host or other name, such as human readable information about a server, network, data center, or other accounting information. [1]