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ISO 18265: "Metallic materials — Conversion of hardness values" (2013) ASTM E140-12B(2019)e1: "Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness" (2019)
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Steel classification according to EN 10027-2.Free searchable database "European steel and alloy grades" Comparison of various steel standards Archived 2019-04-27 at the Wayback Machine; Comparison of various tool steel standards; General guide to the EN 10027 steel name and numbering systems.
English: Material comparison plot for Strength versus density. The guidelines for minimum weigth design are added. The strength for each group of materials is: Metal and polymers: Yield Strength; Ceramics: Compresive Strength; Elastomers: Tensile Tear Strength; and; Composites: Tensile Failure.
The typical test uses a 10 mm (0.39 in) diameter steel ball as an indenter with a 3,000 kgf (29.42 kN; 6,614 lbf) force. For softer materials, a smaller force is used; for harder materials, a tungsten carbide ball is substituted for the steel ball. The indentation is measured and hardness calculated as:
The 32 grades have yield strength of 45,500 psi (315 MPa), and ultimate tensile strength of 64,000 - 85,000 psi (440-590 MPa). The 36 grades have yield strength of 51,000 psi (355 MPa), and ultimate tensile strength of 71,000 - 90,000 psi (490-620 MPa). Per Steel Vessel Rules Part 2 Chapter 1 Section 3 Table 2 (pg 36).
Elastic properties describe the reversible deformation (elastic response) of a material to an applied stress.They are a subset of the material properties that provide a quantitative description of the characteristics of a material, like its strength.
The strength of materials is determined using various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts. The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account the properties of the materials such as its yield strength, ultimate strength, Young's modulus ...