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A vacuum-tube computer, now termed a first-generation computer, is a computer that uses vacuum tubes for logic circuitry. While the history of mechanical aids to computation goes back centuries, if not millennia, the history of vacuum tube computers is confined to the middle of the 20th century. Lee De Forest invented the triode in 1906.
The Computer History in time and space, Graphing Project, an attempt to build a graphical image of computer history, in particular operating systems. The Computer Revolution/Timeline at Wikibooks "File:Timeline.pdf - Engineering and Technology History Wiki" (PDF). ethw.org. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-31
The oldest known recordings of computer generated music were played by the Ferranti Mark 1 computer. The Mark 1 is a commercial version of the Manchester Mark 1 machine from the University of Manchester. The music program was written by Christopher Strachey. 1951: US EDVAC (electronic discrete variable computer). The first computer to use ...
The "brain" [computer] may one day come down to our level [of the common people] and help with our income-tax and book-keeping calculations. But this is speculation and there is no sign of it so far. — British newspaper The Star in a June 1949 news article about the EDSAC computer, long before the era of the personal computers.
Stephen White's Computer history site (the above article is a modified version of his work, used with permission) Digital Deli, edited by Steve Ditlea, full text of the classic computer book; Collection of old analog and digital computers at Old Computer Museum; ZX81 Computer Online Museum; Yahoo Computers and History
The Making of the Micro: A History of the Computer. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0-442-22240-8. Fagen, M. D. (editor), National Service in War and Peace (1925-1975), Volume II of A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System (Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1978) Freed, Les (1995). The History of Computers. Ziff Davis. ISBN 1-56276-275-3.
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A human computer, with microscope and calculator, 1952. It was not until the mid-20th century that the word acquired its modern definition; according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known use of the word computer was in a different sense, in a 1613 book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by the English writer Richard Brathwait: "I haue [] read the truest computer of Times, and the best ...