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[14] [1] Some multicellular eukaryotes can also be metabolically active at sub-zero temperatures, such as some conifers; [15] those in the Chironomidae family are still active at −16 °C. [16] Psychrophilic algae can tolerate cold temperatures, like this Chlamydomonas green algae growing on snow in Antarctica.
Irradiation is the use of ionising gamma rays emitted by cobalt-60 and caesium-137, or, high-energy electrons and X-rays to inactivate microbial pathogens, particularly in the food industry. Bacteria such as Deinococcus radiodurans are particularly resistant to radiation, but are not pathogenic. [1]
Freezing is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] For most substances, the melting and freezing points are the same temperature; however, certain substances possess differing solid-liquid transition temperatures.
Depending on temperature, bacteria can be classified as: Psychrophiles; Psychrophiles are extremophilic cold-loving bacteria or archaea with an optimal temperature for growth at about 15 °C or lower (maximal temperature for growth at 20 °C, minimal temperature for growth at 0 °C or lower). Psychrophiles are typically found in Earth's ...
At least six major areas of cryobiology can be identified: 1) study of cold-adaptation of microorganisms, plants (cold hardiness), and animals, both invertebrates and vertebrates (including hibernation), 2) cryopreservation of cells, tissues, gametes, and embryos of animal and human origin for (medical) purposes of long-term storage by cooling to temperatures below the freezing point of water.
The most common organisms that harvest CO 2 to build biomolecules are plants and photosynthetic bacteria. Those particular organisms use the Calvin cycle for their carbon fixation . However, P. fumarii and other similar organisms contain particular enzymes that allow them to harvest CO 2 at temperatures well above those tolerated by plants and ...
8) Once food has been cooked, all the bacteria have been killed The possibility of bacterial growth actually increases after cooking, because the drop in temperature allows bacteria to thrive. 9 ...
Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies with the type of plant, the tissue exposed, and how low temperatures get; a "light frost" of −2 to 0 °C (28 to 32 °F) damages fewer types of plants than a "hard frost" below −2 °C (28 °F). [9] [10]