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  2. Andean civilizations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_civilizations

    The Andean civilizations were South American complex societies of many indigenous people. [1] They stretched down the spine of the Andes for 4,000 km (2,500 miles) from southern Colombia, to Ecuador and Peru, including the deserts of coastal Peru, to north Chile and northwest Argentina. Archaeologists believe that Andean civilizations first ...

  3. History of Andean South America - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Andean_South...

    In the 16th century, Spanish colonisers from Europe arrived in the Andes, eventually subjugating the indigenous kingdoms and incorporating the Andean region into the Spanish Empire. In the 19th century, a rising tide of anti-imperialist nationalism that was sweeping all of South America led rebel armies to overthrow Spanish rule.

  4. Inca Empire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire

    The Inca Empire was the last chapter of thousands of years of Andean civilizations. The Andean civilization is one of at least five civilizations in the world deemed by scholars to be "pristine." The concept of a "pristine" civilization refers to a civilization that has developed independently of external influences and is not a derivative of ...

  5. History of the Incas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Incas

    After the meeting of the Hispanic and Andean culture, writing was established as the means of transmission and recording of information. In addition, a process of "miscegenation" and syncretism began that gave rise to the reinvention of traditions and the creation of others. All these reinventions are part of a natural process in all cultures ...

  6. Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the...

    The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, also known as the Conquest of Peru, was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas.After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 Spanish soldiers under conquistador Francisco Pizarro, along with his brothers in arms and their indigenous allies, captured the last Sapa Inca, Atahualpa, at the ...

  7. History of South America - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_America

    The Spanish conquistadors who landed in the Caribbean city of Santa Marta were informed of the rich gold culture and led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his brother Hernán Pérez, organised the most strenuous of the Spanish conquests into the heart of the Andes in April 1536.

  8. Tiwanaku Empire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku_empire

    The Tiwanaku Polity (Spanish: Tiahuanaco or Tiahuanacu) was a Pre-Columbian polity in western Bolivia based in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin. Tiwanaku was one of the most significant Andean civilizations. Its influence extended into present-day Peru and Chile and lasted from around 600 to 1000 AD. [2]

  9. Pre-Columbian Bolivia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Bolivia

    Gate of the Sun in Tiwanaku Quinoa plants Tiwanaku empire at its largest territorial extent, AD 950. Pre-Columbian Bolivia covers the historical period between 10,000 BCE, when the Upper Andes region was first populated and 1532, when Spanish conquistadors invaded Inca Empire.