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Stokoe notation (/ ˈ s t oʊ k i / STOH-kee) is the first [1] phonemic script used for sign languages.It was created by William Stokoe for American Sign Language (ASL), with Latin letters and numerals used for the shapes they have in fingerspelling, and iconic glyphs to transcribe the position, movement, and orientation of the hands.
The Hamburg Sign Language Notation System (HamNoSys) is a transcription system for all sign languages (including American sign language). It has a direct correspondence between symbols and gesture aspects, such as hand location, shape and movement. [1] It was developed in 1984 at the University of Hamburg, Germany. [2]
SEE-II models much of its sign vocabulary from American Sign Language (ASL), but modifies the handshapes used in ASL in order to use the handshape of the first letter of the corresponding English word. [2] SEE-II is not considered a language itself like ASL; rather it is an invented system for a language—namely, for English. [3] [4]
For example, the 5 and F handshapes (the approximate shapes of the hand in fingerspelling 5 and F) only make contact with another part of the body through the tip of the thumb, whereas the K and 8 (a.k.a. Y) handshapes only make contact through the tip of the middle finger, and the X handshape only with the flexed joint of the index finger.
The ASL handshape parameter contains over 55 handshapes, which is over double the amount contained in the Latin-script alphabet. [28] Some of the differences between these handshapes are small. These handshapes play into morphology and how meaning changes based on minuscule details.
Limb classifiers: The handshape represents limbs such as legs, feet or paws. Unlike other classifier types, these cannot be combined with motion or location morphemes. [28] The handshape's movement is grouped similarly: [29] [30] Location morphemes: [6] Movement represents the location of an entity through a short, downward movement. The entity ...
LOVE CHILD FATHER LOVE CHILD "The father loves the child." However, other word orders may also occur since ASL allows the topic of a sentence to be moved to sentence-initial position, a phenomenon known as topicalization. In object–subject–verb (OSV) sentences, the object is topicalized, marked by a forward head-tilt and a pause: CHILD topic, FATHER LOVE CHILD topic, FATHER LOVE "The ...
Non-manual elements may also be lexically contrastive. For example, in ASL (American Sign Language), facial components distinguish some signs from other signs. An example is the sign translated as not yet, which requires that the tongue touch the lower lip and that the head rotate from side to side, in addition to the manual part of the sign.