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Laryngeal cancer may spread by: direct extension to adjacent structures, metastasis to regional cervical lymph nodes, or via the blood stream. The most common site of distant metastases is the lung. Laryngeal cancer occurred in 177,000 people in 2018, and resulted in 94,800 deaths (an increase from 76,000 deaths in 1990).
Hypopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant cells grow in the hypopharynx (also known as the laryngopharynx) the area where the larynx and esophagus meet. [ 1 ] It first forms in the outer layer ( epithelium ) of the hypopharynx (last part of the pharynx), which is split into three areas.
Laryngeal cancer begins in the larynx, or "voice box", and is the second most common type of head and neck cancer encountered. [5] Cancer may occur on the vocal folds themselves ("glottic" cancer) or on tissues above and below the true cords ("supraglottic" and "subglottic" cancers, respectively).
Other common symptoms include difficulty producing vocal pitches in the higher range, [1] [4] [5] increased phonatory effort, [1] and vocal fatigue. [1] [5] There may be a sensation of soreness or pain in the neck, lateral to the larynx, [1] [4] which generally occurs because of the increased effort needed to produce the voice. [1]
Laryngologists treat disorders of the larynx, including diseases that affects the voice, swallowing, or upper airway. Common conditions addressed by laryngologists include vocal fold nodules and cysts , laryngeal cancer , spasmodic dysphonia , laryngopharyngeal reflux , papillomas , and voice misuse/abuse/overuse syndromes.
A common symptom of laryngeal papillomatosis is a change in voice quality. More specifically, hoarseness is observed. [4] [5] As a consequence of the narrowing of the laryngeal or tracheal parts of the airway, shortness of breath, chronic cough and stridor (i.e. noisy breathing which can sound like a whistle or a snore), can be present.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) or laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) is the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the larynx, oropharynx and/or the nasopharynx. [4] [5] LPR causes respiratory symptoms such as cough and wheezing [6] and is often associated with head and neck complaints such as dysphonia, globus pharyngis, and dysphagia. [7]
Voice therapy to address harmful vocal behaviours is recommended as the first treatment option. [3] Voice therapy may involve reducing tension in the larynx, reducing loudness, reducing the amount of speech produced, and modifying the environment. [18] If symptoms are significant, treatment usually involves microsurgery to remove the cyst. [3]