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The Birch reduction is an organic reaction that is used to convert arenes to 1,4-cyclohexadienes.The reaction is named after the Australian chemist Arthur Birch and involves the organic reduction of aromatic rings in an amine solvent (traditionally liquid ammonia) with an alkali metal (traditionally sodium) and a proton source (traditionally an alcohol).
Sodium borohydride, also known as sodium tetrahydridoborate and sodium tetrahydroborate, [5] is an inorganic compound with the formula Na B H 4 (sometimes written as Na[BH 4]). It is a white crystalline solid, usually encountered as an aqueous basic solution. Sodium borohydride is a reducing agent that finds application in papermaking and dye ...
Benzoic acid is cheap and readily available, so the laboratory synthesis of benzoic acid is mainly practiced for its pedagogical value. It is a common undergraduate preparation. Benzoic acid can be purified by recrystallization from water because of its high solubility in hot water and poor solubility in cold water. The avoidance of organic ...
Sodium borohydride can, under some circumstances, be used for ester reduction, especially with additives. [ 1 ] Forming aldehydes from carboxylic acid derivatives is challenging because weaker reducing agents (NaBH 4 ) are often very slow at reducing esters and carboxylic acids, whereas stronger reducing agents (LiAlH 4 ) immediately reduce the ...
Weinreb and Nahm originally proposed the following reaction mechanism to explain the selectivity shown in reactions of the Weinreb–Nahm amide. Their suggestion was that the tetrahedral intermediate (A below) formed as a result of nucleophilic addition by the organometallic reagent is stabilized by chelation from the methoxy group as shown. [1]
The carboxylic acid Schmidt reaction starts with acylium ion 1 obtained from protonation and loss of water. Reaction with hydrazoic acid forms the protonated azido ketone 2 , which goes through a rearrangement reaction with the alkyl group R, migrating over the C-N bond with expulsion of nitrogen.
The oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids can be carried out using a variety of reagents, but O 2 /air and nitric acid dominate as the oxidants on a commercial scale. Large scale oxidations of this type are used for the conversion of cyclohexanol alone or as a mixture with cyclohexanone to adipic acid. Similarly cyclododecanol is ...
In organic chemistry, the benzoin addition is an addition reaction involving two aldehydes (−CH=O).The reaction generally occurs between aromatic aldehydes or glyoxals (OCH=CHO), [1] [2] and results in formation of an acyloin (−C(O)CH(OH)−).