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The bead with its design than has to be fired at the proper temperature, not too hot lest the beads fractures, but hot enough so as to permit the chemical etching of the carnelian stone. [10] The result design comes out beautifully white, usually with some surface calcinated residues which can be easily brushed away.
Anodic etching has been used in industrial processes for over a century. The etching power is a source of direct current. The item to be etched (anode) is connected to its positive pole. A receiver plate (cathode) is connected to its negative pole. Both, spaced slightly apart, are immersed in a suitable aqueous solution of a suitable electrolyte.
Etched Carnelian beads: are a type of ancient decorative beads made from carnelian with an etched design in white. They were made according to a technique of alkaline-etching developed by the Harappans during the 3rd millennium BCE and were widely disperced from China in the east to Greece in the west. [56] [57] [58]
An estimated 25 million pounds of plastic beads are tossed in Mardi Gras each year in New Orleans. 21. On average, 1.4 million revelers visit New Orleans for Mardi Gras each year.
These can be plain, naturally banded [5] agate beads, or etched beads (often with black and white striped patterns). Some are carnelians or black agate with thin white etching patterns resembling the back of a turtle, which is an ancient pattern that dates back to the era of the Harappan Indus culture.
Indian carnelian beads with white design, etched in white with an alkali through a heat process, imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BCE. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 17751. [80] [81] [82] These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of Dholavira. [83]
Etched carnelian beads – are a type of ancient decorative beads made from carnelian with an etched design in white. They were made according to a technique of alkaline-etching developed by the Harappans during the 3rd millennium BCE and were widely disperced from China in the east to Greece in the west. [127] [128] [129]
A selection of glass beads Merovingian bead Trade beads, 18th century Trade beads, 18th century. A bead is a small, decorative object that is formed in a variety of shapes and sizes of a material such as stone, bone, shell, glass, plastic, wood, or pearl and with a small hole for threading or stringing. Beads range in size from under 1 ...