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Originality is the aspect of created or invented works that distinguish them from reproductions, clones, forgeries, or substantially derivative works. [citation needed] The modern idea of originality is according to some scholars tied to Romanticism, [1] by a notion that is often called romantic originality.
The test for the threshold of originality is in the European Union whether the work is the author's own intellectual creation. This threshold for originality was harmonised within the European Union in 2009 by the European Court of Justice in Infopaq International A/S v Danske Dagblades Forening case.
Textual research is mainly historically oriented. Textual scholars study, for instance, how writing practices and printing technology have developed, how a certain writer has written and revised his or her texts, how literary documents have been edited, the history of reading culture, as well as censorship and the authenticity of texts.
On 30 March 2021, President Joko Widodo submitted a Presidential Letter to People's Representative Council, which contained a proposal for major changes in the national cabinet, one of which was the merger of the Ministry of Research and Technology and the Ministry of Education and Culture into one ministry named the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology.