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In contrast to thermotropic liquid crystals, lyotropic liquid crystals have therefore an additional degree of freedom, that is the concentration that enables them to induce a variety of different phases. As the concentration of amphiphilic molecules is increased, several different type of lyotropic liquid crystal structures occur in solution.
Liquid crystals can be divided into three main types: thermotropic, lyotropic, and metallotropic. Thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals consist mostly of organic molecules, although a few minerals are also known. Thermotropic LCs exhibit a phase transition into the LC phase as temperature changes.
A hexagonal phase of lyotropic liquid crystal is formed by some amphiphilic molecules when they are mixed with water or another polar solvent. In this phase, the amphiphile molecules are aggregated into cylindrical structures of indefinite length and these cylindrical aggregates are disposed on a hexagonal lattice, giving the phase long-range ...
Liquid crystallinity in polymers may occur either by dissolving a polymer in a solvent (lyotropic liquid-crystal polymers) or by heating a polymer above its glass or melting transition point (thermotropic liquid-crystal polymers). [6] Liquid-crystal polymers are present in melted/liquid or solid form. [7]
A micellar cubic phase is a lyotropic liquid crystal phase formed when the concentration of micelles dispersed in a solvent (usually water) is sufficiently high that they are forced to pack into a structure having a long-ranged positional (translational) order. For example, spherical micelles a cubic packing of a body-centered cubic lattice.
Similarly, poly(n-hexyl isocyanate), a lyotropic liquid crystal, undergoes the analogous isotropic-nematic transition at weight fractions ranging from 0.225 to 0.438 in toluene, depending on molecular weight of the polymer. [15] Cholesteric liquid crystals comprise both classes. Both small molecules and polymers can form cholesteric liquid ...
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Micellar solutions persist until the amphiphile concentration becomes sufficiently high to form a lyotropic liquid crystal phase. [1] [2] [3] [4]