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Avestan chart by Carl Faulmann Avestan chart on p. 183 of vol. 2 of Diderot's Encyclopédie Avestan chart on p. 184 of l'Encyclopédie. In total, the Avestan alphabet has 37 consonants and 16 vowels. There are two main transcription schemes for Avestan, the newer orthography used by Karl Hoffmann and the older one used by Christian Bartholomae.
[2] Miller follows the older suggestion that Avestan ṣ̌ represents a phoneme of its own, for which he introduces the symbol "/Ř/" and identifies phonetically as (the voiceless allophone of Czech ř). He goes on to suggest that in writing, -rt-was restored when a scribe was aware of a morpheme boundary between the /r/ and /t/. [3]
Avestan (/ ə ˈ v ɛ s t ən / ə-VESS-tən) [1] is the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism. [2] It belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family and was originally spoken during the Old Iranian period (c. 1500 – 400 BCE) [3] [f 1] by the Iranians living in the eastern portion of Greater Iran.
Most of the Avestan corpus is composed in Young Avestan. These texts originated in a later stage of the Avestan period separated from the Old Avestan time by several centuries. [ 29 ] Due to a number of geographical references , there is a wide consensus that they were composed in the eastern portion of Greater Iran . [ 30 ]
[2] "The corruptions during this process are sometimes considerable." [3] Among the transcribed texts are the prefaces (dibacheh) to prayers in Avestan. These prefatory prayers are invariably written in Pazend because of the need for "accurate" pronunciation. This practice has led to the misconception that "Pazend" is the name of a language.
The following table shows the Proto-Indo-European consonants and their reflexes in selected Indo-European daughter languages. Background and further details can be found in various related articles, including Proto-Indo-European phonology, Centum and satem languages, the articles on the various sound laws referred to in the introduction, and the articles on the various IE proto-languages ...
The Vedic accent is generally considered the most archaic, fairly faithfully reflecting the position of the original PIE accent. Avestan manuscripts do not have written accent, but we know indirectly that at some period the free PIE accent was preserved (e.g. Avestan *r is devoiced yielding -hr-before voiceless stops and after the accent — if the accent was not on the preceding syllable, *r ...
In addition, modern English forms are given for comparison purposes. Nouns are given in their nominative case, with the genitive case supplied in parentheses when its stem differs from that of the nominative. (For some languages, especially Sanskrit, the basic stem is given in place of the nominative.) Verbs are given in their "dictionary form".