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These technologies generally can be grouped into three approaches: polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hybridization, and next-generation sequencing (NGS). [22] Currently, a lot of PCR and hybridization assays have been approved by FDA as in vitro diagnostics. [47] NGS assays, however, are still at an early stage in clinical diagnostics. [48]
Helix uses NGS to sequence a proprietary assay called Exome+, a version of Exome sequencing which according to the company provides 100 times more data than was previously available. [9] Exome+ includes all 22,000 protein-coding genes as well as additional regions known to be of interest. [10]
Moreover, for pathogen sequencing the use of controls is of fundamental importance ensuring mNGS assay quality and stability over time; PhiX is used as sequencing control, then the other controls include the positive control, an additional internal control (e.g., spiked DNA or other known pathogen) and a negative control (usually water sample). [2]
In June 2009, Illumina announced the launch of their own Personal Full Genome Sequencing Service at a depth of 30X. [9] Until 2010, Illumina sold only instruments that were labeled "for research use only"; in early 2010, Illumina obtained FDA approval for its BeadXpress system to be used in clinical tests.
Single-cell sequencing examines the nucleic acid sequence information from individual cells with optimized next-generation sequencing technologies, providing a higher resolution of cellular differences and a better understanding of the function of an individual cell in the context of its microenvironment. [1]
The Illumina Methylation Assay using the Infinium I platform uses 'BeadChip' technology [clarification needed] to generate a comprehensive genome-wide profiling of human DNA methylation. Similar to bisulfite sequencing and pyrosequencing , this method quantifies methylation levels at various loci within the genome .
A DNase footprinting assay [1] is a DNA footprinting technique from molecular biology/biochemistry that detects DNA-protein interaction using the fact that a protein bound to DNA will often protect that DNA from enzymatic cleavage. This makes it possible to locate a protein binding site on a particular DNA molecule.
The TaqMan assay can be multiplexed by combining the detection of up to seven SNPs in one reaction. However, since each SNP requires a distinct probe, the TaqMan assay is limited by the how close the SNPs can be situated. The scale of the assay can be drastically increased by performing many simultaneous reactions in microtitre plates.