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The psychologist Adolf Zeising noted that the golden ratio appeared in phyllotaxis and argued from these patterns in nature that the golden ratio was a universal law. [92] Zeising wrote in 1854 of a universal orthogenetic law of "striving for beauty and completeness in the realms of both nature and art".
Visible patterns in nature are governed by physical laws; for example, meanders can be explained using fluid dynamics. In biology , natural selection can cause the development of patterns in living things for several reasons, including camouflage , [ 26 ] sexual selection , [ 26 ] and different kinds of signalling, including mimicry [ 27 ] and ...
Adolf Zeising (24 September 1810 – 27 April 1876) was a German psychologist, whose main interests were mathematics and philosophy.. Among his theories, Zeising claimed to have found the golden ratio expressed in the arrangement of branches along the stems of plants and of veins in leaves.
Many works of art are claimed to have been designed using the golden ratio. However, many of these claims are disputed, or refuted by measurement. [1] The golden ratio, an irrational number, is approximately 1.618; it is often denoted by the Greek letter φ .
Diagonal method of a 3:2 image. The diagonal method (DM) is a rule of thumb in photography, painting and drawing.Dutch photographer and lecturer Edwin Westhoff discovered the method when, after having long taught the rule of thirds in photography courses, he conducted visual experiments to investigate why this rule of thirds only loosely prescribes that points of interest should be placed more ...
The rectangles chosen as "best" by the largest number of participants and as "worst" by the fewest participants had a ratio of 0.62 (21:34). [20] This ratio is known as the "golden section" (or golden ratio) and referred to the ratio of a rectangle's width to length that is most appealing to the eye. Carl Stumpf was a participant in this study.
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In reality, the navel of the Vitruvian Man divides the figure at 0.604 and nothing in the accompanying text mentions the golden ratio. [23] In his conjectural reconstruction of the Canon of Polykleitos, art historian Richard Tobin determined √ 2 (about 1.4142) to be the important ratio between elements that the classical Greek sculptor had ...