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A Wistar laboratory rat. The Three Rs (3Rs) are guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in product testing and scientific research.They were first described by W. M. S. Russell and R. L. Burch in 1959. [1]
Rodents have been employed in biomedical experimentation from the 1650s. [1] Rodent studies up to the early 19th century were mainly physiological or toxicological.The first rodent behavioral study was carried out in 1822, a purely observational study [2], while quantitative rodent behavioral testing began in the late 19th century [1] [2].
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines recommend 20 rats for chemical-toxicity studies, and 50 rats for carcinogenicity studies. [43]: 5–6 In addition, if the survival of the rats is less than 50% at 104 weeks (which is likely for Sprague-Dawley rats) the recommended number of rats is 65.
Scientists have some good news for rats and some bad news for city dwellers. Rat populations are rising in cities including Washington, D.C., and San Francisco, reports a study released Friday ...
Here's the reason why it's so hard to get rid of rats in cities. Chances are, if you live in a city, you've encountered one or two rats on your way home. Here's the reason why it's so hard to get ...
The terms animal testing, animal experimentation, animal research, in vivo testing, and vivisection have similar denotations but different connotations.Literally, "vivisection" means "live sectioning" of an animal, and historically referred only to experiments that involved the dissection of live animals.
Trader Joe's workers in Oakland are the first in California to file for a union election. They say the grocery chain has disregarded safety and prioritized profit.
Animal ethics is a branch of ethics which examines human-animal relationships, the moral consideration of animals and how nonhuman animals ought to be treated. The subject matter includes animal rights, animal welfare, animal law, speciesism, animal cognition, wildlife conservation, wild animal suffering, [1] the moral status of nonhuman animals, the concept of nonhuman personhood, human ...